Hand to hand combat
Hand-to-hand combat (sometimes abbreviated as HTH or H2H) is a generic
term often referring to weaponless fighting conducted from a military based point of view. This distinguishes it
from combat sport. The phrase "hand-to-hand" indicates unarmed combat but often allows for the consideration of
weapons usage and implementation.
Close combat is the common term for combat within close range. It may include lethal and nonlethal
methods across a "spectrum of violence" or within a "continuum of force" as established by rules of engagement.
Unarmed close combat is sometimes called combatives. Close combat with weapons may be called close quarter
battle at the squad level. Current NATO terminology is to use MOUT for higher-level strategic and
tactical considerations of urban warfare or MOOTW for "military operations other than war" such as peacekeeping
or disaster relief.
Combatives is a term used to describe various hybrid martial arts, which incorporate techniques
from several different martial arts and combat sports.
Definitions
As defined by U.S. Army FM 3-25.150 Combatives:
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1-1. Hand-to-hand combat- Hand-to-hand combat is an engagement between two or more persons with or
without hand-held weapons such as knives, sticks, or projectile weapons within the range of
physical contact.
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1-2. Combatives- Combatives are the techniques and tactics useful to Soldiers involved in
Hand-to-hand combat. Proficiency in Combatives is one of the fundamental building blocks for
training the modern Soldier.
History
Close combat is the most ancient form of fighting known. A majority of cultures have their own
particular histories related to close combat, and their own methods of practice. There are many varieties within
the martial arts, including boxing and wrestling. Other variations include the gladiator spectacles of ancient
Rome and medieval tournament events such as jousting.
Military organizations have always taught some sort of unarmed combat for conditioning and as a
supplement to armed combat. Soldiers in China were trained in unarmed combat as early as the Zhou Dynasty (1022
BC to 256 BC).
Despite major technological changes such as the use of gunpowder in the Napoleonic wars, the
machine gun in the Russo-Japanese War and the trench warfare of World War I, hand-to-hand fighting methods such
as bayonet remained common in modern military training, though the importance of formal training declined after
1918. During the Second World War, bayonet fighting was often not taught at all among the major
combatants;German rifles by 1944 were even being produced without bayonet lugs.
Sometimes called close combat, Close Quarters Combat, or CQC, World War II era
American combatives were largely codified by William Ewart Fairbairn and Eric Anthony Sykes. Also known for
their eponymous Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife, Fairbairn and Sykes had worked in the Shanghai Municipal Police
(SMP) and helped teach the British armed forces a quick and effective and simple technique for fighting with or
without weapons in melee situations. Similar training was provided to British Commandos, the Devil's Brigade,
OSS, U.S. Army Rangers and Marine Raiders. Fairbairn at one point called this system Defendu and published on
it, as did his American colleague Rex Applegate. Fairbairn often referred to the technique as "gutter fighting,"
a term which Applegate used, along with "the Fairbairn system." In practice, such military systems are the fruit
of dozens and even hundreds of dedicated instructors and personnel, known and unknown.
Other combatives systems having their origins in the modern military include Chinese Sanshou,
Soviet/Russian sambo and Rukopaschnij Boj, Israeli Kapap and Krav Maga.
The prevalence and style of combatives training often changes based on perceived need, and even in
times of peace, special forces and commando units tend to place higher emphasis on close combat than most
personnel, as will paramilitary units such as police SWAT teams.
De-emphasized in major militaries after World War II, insurgency conflicts such as the Vietnam War,
low intensity conflict and urban warfare tend to encourage more attention to combatives. The general discipline
of close-proximity fighting with weapons is often called Close Quarters Battle (CQB) at the platoon or
squad level, or Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) at higher tactical levels.
The current Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP) replaced the Marine Corps LINE combat system
in 2002. Every Marine keeps a record book that records their training, There is a colored belt system similar to
many Asian martial arts and advancement in MCMAP is not a requirement for promotions. Also in 2002, the U.S.
Army adopted the Modern Army Combatives (MAC) program developed by Matt Larsen who was a member of the 75th
Ranger Regiment, with the publishing of US Army field manual (FM 3-25.150) and the establishment of the US Army
Combatives School at Ft Benning, Georgia. MAC draws from systems such as Brazilian Jiujitsu, Muay Thai and Kali
which could be trained "live" and can be fully integrated into current Close Quarters Battle tactics and
training methods. As of April 2008, for the first time in US Army history, soldiers who graduate from an
official Army course can earn an MOS identifier, H3B and H4B for level III and IV MACP certification
respectively.
The US Air Force adopted MAC as its hand-to-hand combat system in early 2008.
Military instructors
At the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario officer cadets in first year take an
introduction to Unarmed Combat course. In third year, courses are offered in Unarmed Combat (Grappling), Unarmed
Combat (Kicking) and Unarmed Combat (Hands). Unarmed Combat (Grappling) covers the response to various attacks
and situations and ground fighting. The Unarmed Combat (Kicking) course covers kicking distance, kicking
targets, the use of front and rear kicks and mobility. The Unarmed Combat (Hands) course covers hand distance
and targets, and the use of single and multiple strikes with the hands.
Military instructors and Civilian instructors
Most civilian instructors in hand-to-hand combat train police, martial artists or combat sport
athletes, but some may train civilians for private self-defense.
Former military instructors
Frank Cucci former military (US SEAL) - Leonard C Holifield former military (US ARMY) - Raffaelli
Snackers former military (FFL) - Moni Aizik former military (IDF ISRAEL ARMY) - Avi Nardia former military
(IDF-YAMAM ISRAEL UNIT) - Vladimir Vasiliev former military (Russian Elite UNIT) -
The very things which make combatives well-adapted for military training (simplicity, ease
of use, modest physical demands) also make it suitable in many ways for civilian self-defense. The world's
military forces train thousands of combatives instructors every year. Frequently emphasizing their
law-enforcement, corrections or military background, many combatives instructors also offer training to law
enforcement agencies, the military, private individuals,security guars or companies.. Regulated in the United
States much as private tutors, health clubs, private gun shops or private security agencies, some combatives
systems are expanding into other markets and niches worldwide.
References
Further reading
External links
Articles
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